Table 3 Advances in experimental techniques for thermal assessment

Thermal Imaging

Real-time monitoring capabilities with high spatial resolution (Sarath et al., 2023; Sharma et al., 2019)

Non-invasive and non-contact technology (Sarath et al., 2023)

Detailed temperature mapping of solar cell surfaces during operation (Sharma et al., 2019)

Continued enhancement of spatial resolution for finer temperature mapping

Integration with machine learning algorithms for automated anomaly detection

Cost reduction initiatives to improve accessibility for a broader spectrum of researchers (Ajayi & Abegunde, 2022)

Calorimetry

Accurate measurement of heat generation in solar cells (Fang et al., 2023)

Determination of thermal conductivity in solar cell materials (Fang et al., 2023)

Capability for steady-state and transient thermal analysis (Fang et al., 2023)

Streamlining of experimental setups for broader adoption

Development of advanced calorimetric techniques to capture rapid temperature changes more effectively

Integration with simulations for predictive analysis of solar cell thermal behavior (Mohammadnia & Ziapour, 2020)

Temperature-Dependent Characterization

Comprehensive data on electrical response under different thermal conditions (Failed, 2021)

Direct assessment of temperature impact on efficiency, voltage, and current (Malik et al., 2021)

Applicability in existing solar cell testing setups (Failed, 2021)

Improved temperature control in experimental setups for enhanced accuracy

Advancements in simultaneous characterization at multiple temperature points

Integration with artificial intelligence for predictive modeling of solar cell performance (Shrestha, 2020)