Improving the carbon footprint of water treatment with renewable energy: a Western Australian case study

Sustainable Energy Research

Table 1 Life cycle inventory for Wanneroo GWTP for 1 m³ of water production and delivery

Inputs	Reference quantity	Unit	Calculated quantity	Unit per m³	References
Extraction process
Energy for pumping system	0.041	kWh/kL	0.041	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
Pre-treatment process
Spray aeration	0.012	kWh/kL	0.012	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
MIEX^® resin	2.667	mL resin/year/person	2.8	mL	Bourke et al. (2011)
Chlorine	4.800	mg/L	5.1	g	Cadee et al. (2011)
Coagulation clarification
Alum	20.000	mg/L	0.2	kg	Bourke et al. (2011)
Polymer	0.700	mg/L	0.74	g	Cadee et al. (2011)
Energy for treatment	0.020	kWh/kL	0.02	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
Energy for sludge handling	0.006	kWh/kL	0.007	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
NaCl solution	90.000	g/L MIEX^® resin	0.25	g	Slunjski, Cadee and Tattersall (2011)
Filtration
Chlorine	2–10	mg/L	6.3	g	Water Treatment Chemicals (2009)
Fluorine	0.7–1.2	mg/L	1.0	g	Water Treatment Chemicals (2011)
Energy consumption	0.000079	kWh/kL	0.000079	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
Distribution process
Energy consumption	0.318	kWh/kL	0.318	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)