Improving the carbon footprint of water treatment with renewable energy: a Western Australian case study

Sustainable Energy Research

Table 2 Life cycle inventory for surface water treatment plant for 1 m³ of water production and delivery

Inputs	Reference quantity	Unit	Calculated quantity	Unit per m³	References
Extraction process
Energy for pumping system	0.032	kWh/kL	0.032	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
Pre-chlorination process
Chlorine	4.800	mg/L	5.05	g	Cadee et al. (2011)
Flocculation and coagulation process
Alum	10–90	mg Fe³⁺/L	52.63	g Fe³⁺	Water Treatment Chemicals (2009)
Polymer	0.700	mg/L	0.74	g	Cadee et al. (2011)
Energy for treatment	0.020	kWh/kL	0.020	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
Energy for sludge handling	0.006	kWh/kL	0.0.006	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
Sedimentation and filtration process
Lime	10–20	mg/L	15.8	g	Water Treatment Chemicals (2011)
Chlorine	2–10	mg/L	6.3	g	Water Treatment Chemicals (2009)
Fluorine	0.7–1.2	mg/L	1.0	g	Water Treatment Chemicals (2011)
Energy consumption	0.00004	kWh/kL	0.00004	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)
Distribution process
Energy consumption	0.318	kWh/kL	0.318	kWh	Goldstein and Smith (2002)