Table 1 Characteristics of the PV Module TDC-M20-36 AT STC (1000 W/m², 25 °C)

Maximum power, P_max

20 W

Voltage at P_max, V_mp

18.76 V

Current at P_max, I_mp

1.07 A

Short-circuit current, I_sc

1.17 A

Open-circuit voltage, V_oc

22.70 V

Temperature coefficient of V_oc, K_v

− 0.35%/ °C

Temperature coefficient of I_sc, K_i

0.043%/ °C

Number of cells

36

Light-generated current, I_ph

1.173 A

Diode saturation current, I₀

2.6797e−11 A

Ideality factor

1.0036

Shunt resistance R_sh

405.962 Ω

Series resistance R_s

1.0547 Ω