Table 1 Characteristics of BESS Technologies (Hossain et al., 2020, Behabtu, 2020, Kebede et al., 2022)
From: Large-scale energy storage system: safety and risk assessment
Battery technology | Power density (W/l) | Energy density (Wh/l) | Power cost ($/kW) | Energy cost ($/kWh) | Round trip efficiency (%) | Lifetime (years) | Technology maturity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lithium-ion | Li-ion | 500–2000 | 200–500 | 900–4000 | 600–3000 | 85–95 | 5–15 | Commercialized |
Vanadium redox flow battery | VRFB | 0.5–2.0 | 20–70 | 600–1500 | 100–2000 | 75–90 | 5–10 | Commercializing |
Zinc bromine batteries | ZnBr |  < 2.5 | 35–75 | 200–2500 | 150–1000 | 65–80 | 10–20 | Early commercialization |
Lead-acid batteries | Pb-A | 10–400 | 50–80 | 200–600 | 50–400 | 70–90 | 5–15 | Mature, fully commercialized |
Sodium sulphur | NaS | 150–250 | 150–250 | 350–3000 | 300–500 | 80–90 | 10–15 | Commercializing |
Sodium nickel chloride | NaNiCl2 | 220–300 | 150–180 | 100–300 | 100–345 | 85–90 | 10–14 | Commercializing |
Organic cell |  | – | 130 Wh/kg | – | – | – | – |  |
Aluminium-air |  | – | 400 Wh/kg | – | – | – | – |  |