Table 4 Summary of batteries and associated hazards (Agency, 2020) (International Electrotechnical Commission, 2020)
From: Large-scale energy storage system: safety and risk assessment
Battery technology | Hazard type | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal, Firea | Chemical | Electrical | Physical | |||
Lithium‐based | Lithium Ion | Li‐ion battery | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Lithium metal battery | Li‐metal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Lead‐acid | Vented lead‐acid battery | Pb‐A (vented) | Yesa | Yes | Yes | No |
Valve regulated lead acid battery | Pb‐A/RLA | Yesa | Yes | Yes | No | |
Sodium‐based | Sodium sulphur battery | NaS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Sodium nickel chloride battery | NaNiCl | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Flow battery | Vanadium redox flow battery | VRFB | Yesa | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Zinc bromide flow battery | ZnBr | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |