Table 8 Probability of failure on demand of safety systems (Gully, 2019)
From: Large-scale energy storage system: safety and risk assessment
Barriers | Code | Hazard Type | Barrier Type | PFD | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMS monitoring | BMS | Electrical, thermal | Active | 0.10 | Currrent, voltage, SoC, temperature monitoring |
Cooling system | T1 | Thermal | Active | 0.10 | Temperature regulation of BESS Space |
Thermal Insulation | T2 | Thermal | Passive | 0.10 | Minimize heat transfer between battery modules/racks |
Fire and smoke detector | FD | Fire | Detection | 0.01 | Detect smoke and produce visual and audible alert at control centre |
Active fire suppression | F1 | Fire | Active | 0.10 | Fire suppression, extinguishment, and cooling |
Emergency fire response | F2 | Fire | Emergency | 0.10 | Firefighter action plan |
Gas detection | XD | Explosion | Detection | 0.01 | Early detection for accumulation of flammable gases before reaching explosive |
Emergency ventilation | X1 | Explosion | Active | 0.10 | Removal of gas before reaching explosive concentration |
Emergency shutdown | E1 | Electrical/Fire | Active | 0.01 | Electrical isolation |
Circuit breaker | E2 | Electrical | Active | 0.10 | Electrical isolation |